BIMARU, an acronym representing four Indian states – Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh – is indicative of their historical economic underdevelopment and lower levels of social and human development indicators.
These four states collectively account for over 400 million people, roughly one-third of India’s population, yet contribute only about one-fifth of the country’s GDP. BIMARU states grapple with prevalent issues such as high poverty rates, low literacy levels, and elevated child mortality rates.
This term was initially coined by demographer Ashish Bose in 1985 to draw attention to India’s demographic challenges, primarily characterized by rapid population growth and limited progress in family planning and population control initiatives during the 1980s and 1990s.
Several factors have played a role in the underdevelopment of the BIMARU states. These contributing factors encompass:
Inadequate Infrastructure: The BIMARU states grapple with subpar infrastructure, including road networks, railways, and power supply. These deficiencies could be improved for both businesses and residents in accessing vital services.
Education Disparities: Low literacy rates and high school dropout rates are prevalent in the BIMARU states, limiting opportunities for individuals to secure quality employment and enhance their overall well-being.
Healthcare Challenges: Inadequate healthcare systems in the BIMARU states contribute to elevated disease prevalence and mortality rates, putting the population’s health at risk.
Corruption Concerns: Rampant corruption is a persistent issue in the BIMARU states, diverting resources away from crucial services and development initiatives and hindering progress.
Key areas of development for Bihar and Uttar Pradesh:
- Human Resource Development: Both states need to address low literacy rates and poor health indicators. Collaboration between central and state governments, along with local administrations, is crucial for implementing education, healthcare, and skill development programs effectively.
- Tourism: Bihar has the potential for spiritual tourism, while Uttar Pradesh can focus on eco-tourism. Developing these sectors can create jobs for locals and contribute foreign exchange to the nation.
- Investment: Organizing investment summits, similar to successful models in Gujarat, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh, can attract private investment, leading to income generation, employment opportunities, and improved infrastructure.
- Infrastructure: Public investments are necessary for infrastructure development, including roadways, railways, and inland waterways. Leveraging the untapped potential of water transport, such as National Waterway-1 on the Ganga River, is vital.
- Technology: Both states can harness technology for economic and social progress. Digital technologies can enhance access to education and healthcare, foster entrepreneurship, and promote innovation, thereby contributing to overall development.
UPSC Mains Question for Practice
Q. Among the original BIMARU states, Bihar and UP have needed to be more responsive to positive developmental changes. This necessitates a critical analysis of the reasons behind this and recommendations for their development.
A.
The original BIMARU states, comprising Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, have indeed faced developmental challenges over the years. While some progress has been made in recent times, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (UP) continue to lag. Several factors contribute to this persistent underdevelopment:
- Population Pressure: Bihar and UP are among the most populous states in India. High population density places immense pressure on resources, making it challenging to provide quality education, healthcare, and basic amenities.
- Infrastructure Gaps: Both states suffer from inadequate infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and public transport. These deficiencies hinder industrial growth and job creation.
- Educational Disparities: Despite improvements, education systems in Bihar and UP face challenges such as high dropout rates, teacher shortages, and low learning outcomes. Quality education is crucial for human capital development.
- Healthcare Challenges: Limited access to quality healthcare contributes to poor health indicators. Initiatives to address malnutrition and improve healthcare infrastructure are needed.
- Agricultural Dependence: Agriculture remains a dominant source of livelihood, limiting economic diversification. Encouraging non-agricultural sectors is essential for sustained growth.
To foster development:
- Population Stabilization: Implement effective family planning programs to control population growth.
- Invest in Infrastructure: Prioritize infrastructure development, including rural roads, energy, and connectivity.
- Revamp Education: Improve school infrastructure, teacher training, and learning outcomes. Promote skill development for employability.
- Enhance Healthcare: Upgrade healthcare facilities, focus on preventive healthcare, and address malnutrition.
- Economic Diversification: Encourage industries, MSMEs, and startups for job creation.
- Governance Reforms: Implement transparent and efficient governance practices, reduce corruption, and enhance accountability.
Addressing these challenges will require sustained efforts, policy reforms, and active cooperation between the central and state governments.
